Afrikaner Nationalism Essay

Afrikaner people have, from the initial days felt threatened internal to their borders and externally. Sometimes the threat was real thus existing and other times it was an illusion. The fear of domination rose from the presence of a majority of what they labelled as undeveloped indigenous races all which were non-white (Wilson and Thompson, 365). With this fear rose nationalism. Afrikaner nationalism is a political ideology that was born in the late 19th century around the idea that Afrikaners in South Africa were a chosen people. It was also influenced by anti-British sentiments that grew among Afrikaners especially because of the Boer Wars which did more to unite Afrikanerdom and infuse it with purpose and determination (Wilson and Thompson, 367). The notion that Afrikaners are direct descendants of the Dutch are somewhat distorted. The Afrikaner nationalism places emphasis on the unity of all Afrikaans speaking white people, the Volk (folk – common people), against foreign elements such as blacks, Jews and English speaking South Africans. Another factor that held Afrikaner people together was that of Calvinism. Religion played an instrumental role in the development of nationalism. The Dutch Reformed Churches of South Africa throughout the 18th century were in a battle against modernism and modernity aligning themselves with views that divided the human race broadly into the elect and the rest (Wilson and Thompson, 371). These spheres led to belief that the State is divinely ordained and created and had to be preserved and protected from liberalism and revolutionary ideas (Wilson and Thompson, 372). Anyone seen to indulge in human rationality was seen as challenging God’s authority. This Christian-nationalistic ideology was tailored to fit Nationalist Afrikaner prejudices. In the 19th century Du Toit put forward the notion that Afrikaners were a distinct nationality with a fatherland (South Africa) and their own language (Afrikaans) and that the Volks’ destiny was to rule South Africa. Although there was never really an official relationship between the church and party, the church became in a sense the National  Party at prayer (Wilson and Thompson, 373). Afrikaners could thus refuse a British designed South Africa which they could co exist with other ethnic groups as a minority (Wilson and Thompson, 373-4). To them, as long as Afrikaner existed, as a minority in a racially and culturally different environment, they could not allow the black majority to develop economically or politically because this would lead to black domination. Afrikaner Nationalism had a personalized political philosophy. The Union of South Africa was created in 1910 (Wilson and Thompson, 377) and eight years after the 2nd Boer War, Hertzog broke ties with prime minister then , and formed the National Party in 1914. The media in those days had a party affiliated with it, hence Nationalist minded Afrikaners persuaded Malan to be an editor of their newspaper and thus he left his position as a church minister. A Cape branch of Hertzog’s National Party was founded in 1915 and Malan was elected as its provincial leader, elected to parliament in 1918. The National Party came in power in 1924, and Malan was Minister up until 1933 (Wilson and Thompson, 379). In 1934 the United Party was formed out of a merger between Hertzog’s National Party and rival, Jan Smuts with the South African Party. Malan strongly opposed the merger. He and nineteen other members of parliament formed the Purified National Party which he led for the next fourteen years as opposition. Malan also opposed the participation in WW2 which was already unpopular with the Afrikaner population (and led to the split in governing party) this dramatically increased his popularity and he consequently defeated the United party in 1948 in elections (in which only whites and coloreds could vote) (Wilson and Thompson, 380-7). Malan retired as leader in 1954, and the National Party chose Strydom as successor overriding Malan’s choice of placing Havenga as his successor. Choosing a non-Hertzog path, the National Party chose a path which Afrikaner Nationalism had to follow. Ossewabrandwag movement was formed largely on National Socialist lines which opposed South African entry in WW2 because of South Africa’s fight for independence from British rule. The movement emphasized national unity and was able to integrate a multitude of different nationalist organizations because it lacked a clear ideological profile. Only when leadership began to define ideology and had its own policy from 1941 onwards, did membership decline (Wilson and Thompson, 387). In the end, Malan outmaneuvered the movement and his rallying cry became that of bringing together all who from inner certainty, belong collectively. Nationalism was taken further at elections of 1953, 1958, 1961 and 1966 until Malan’s ideal had been realized (Wilson and Thompson, 388). However, there remained a small hard core Afrikaners who refused to throw their lot with Afrikaner nationalism thus internal political struggles in the disgruntled and essentially impoverished Afrikaner community. The tide however appeared to be flowing in favour of the more enlightened element in the National Party in the late 1960s (Wilson and Thompson, 390). This began the road to South Africa’s eventual isolation from a world that would no longer tolerate any forms of political discrimination or differentiation based on race only. Afrikaner Nationalism’s attitude to sovereign independence falls in two periods namely, the drive to attain dominion status and independence of Sout h Africa within the Commonwealth of Nations (Wilson and Thompson, 390-1). Hertzog led a freedom deputation in France to advocate for an independent reign of South Africa. An outcome for this task was a suggestion by the Federal Council of the Nation Party to recast the agenda of principles of the party in such a way that the sovereignty ideal was undoubtedly formulated. The party used constitutional means to be emancipated and handed rights to make decisions about the future of South Africa (Wilson and Thompson, 391). There was agitation from the Nationalist Party and Hertzog resisted it within ranks for secession from Britain after the First World War. Hertzog then entered into an election agreement with the Labour Party (supported by English speakers) and gave assurance that he would not withdraw from the Commonwealth. On the other hand, the Nationalist Party decided on a change of strategy in an effort to alleviate uncertainties of those South Africans that feared republicanism meant the dismissal of all ties of the Commonwealth (Wilson and Thompson, 393). After WW2, the demand for a return to a Kruger-type republic had been dropped with emphasis placed on South Africa’s relations with the rest of the world. Simultaneously, the internal colour problem had become extraneous in the face of more pressing issues (Wilson and Thompson, 394). Broederbond was a secret, exclusively male and white Protestant organization in South Africa dedicated to the advancement of Afrikaner interests. Their role in Afrikaner Nationalism was never possible to establish with exactness. The work of the  Bond was to maintain the unification of the Afrikaner members, recognising their language and cultural community (Wilson and Thompson, 395). Neither of the two leading Afrikaners of their day, Hertzog or Smuts, was considered eligible for membership of the Broederbond, for their policy of co-operation with the English speaking section of the population was felt to be inimical to the interests of the Afrikaner nation. Hertzog and Smuts had opposing opinions about the aims and activities of the organization. Smuts saw the organisation as a danger to the position of the country and the national policy as it only catered for the interests of a single resident and was not concerned in the interests of other inhabitants and the outcome was for Smuts to forbid any individual to become a member of the organisation. Hertzog was well aware of the scheming of the Broederbond behind the scenes, and in a forceful attack on the organization in a speech at Smithfield he stigmatized them as a grave menace to the rest and peace of our social community, even where it operates in the economic-cultural sphere (Wilson and Thompson, 397-8). Hertzog maintained that the establishment of the Bond organisation was caused by the refusing of the fusion of the National and South African Parties. The Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisation (F.A.K) was established in 1929 on Broedebond initiative which was to exercise an influential positive and creative image which impinged on the political sphere. The educational field was also vital as it was seen as a primary field of work in their attempt to build a nation in order to prevent the de-Afrikanerazation of the young. Division between Afrikaans and English speaking children was to be maintained in their education. An instruction of the mother tongue language secured the goal of the Afrikaner people’s motive to separate the two white groups with different mother tongues (Wilson and Thompson, 398-9). Economically, the F.A.K did significant work before and after WW2. Because of their work, Afrikaner Nationalism had been given further powerful foundation to provide it for the task of governing South Africa as the senior and dominant white partner (Wilson and Thompson, 400). In South Africa race is always equated with the colour of one’s skin. The race policy was implemented by the Afrikaner Nationalism to separate the populations according to their skin colour. The population Registration Act had definitions for each different race groups namely Whites, Coloureds, the Natives and the Indian person. They asserted that language and traditions  are to be in the blood of an individual (Wilson and Thompson, 403). In Nationalism’s black manifesto, Hertzog officially committed South Africa as a white man’s land. When Malan came to power in 1948, he abolished the Natives’ Representative Council claiming that it had become an anti-white forum. A party under chairmanship of Sauer produced a report in time of 1948 election which put in motion the word apartheid (Wilson and Thompson, 406). The application of segregation will furthermore lead to the creation of separate healthy cities for the non-whites where they will be in a position to develop along their own lines, establish their own institutions and later on govern themselves under the guardianship of the whites. Domination in South Africa was the purpose of the Afrikaner Nationalists to secure the safety of the white man. The survival of the white men meant that white men (White Afrikaners and English speaking whites) had to come together in order to fight the threat of the black people. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wilson, M. and Thompson, L. The Oxford History of South Africa. Oxford University Press.

Ipil Seeds As Shoe Polisher Essay

He gives us that vast goodness of nature and vegetation is among those. As manpropagates for abundance; he deserves to harbor tremendous benefits from it. Man inhabited earth with all its richness laid before him. With his gladness,ingenuity and constant search for knowledge he discovered numerous ways to enrich hismind of endless ideas, body for health and longevity and spirit to fulfill his close relationwith his maker and humanity. Thus, man discovers infinite ways and makes use ofaccessible resources to satisfy his longings for health and wellness.The discovery of herbal plants made the possible existence of modern medicine.Modern medicine makes use of these plants in making capsulated herbal medicine or foodsupplements. It is scientifically proven that numerous of vitamins and minerals are foundin herbal plants that can supply the needs of living things, specifically humans. Thesevitamins and minerals help supply energy within a persons body, which is needed foreveryday activities in order for them to perform well. Herbal plants nowadays are not justmade as medicinal purposes but also as food ingredients so that it may add a unique andhealthier flavor to foods. Malunggay or Horse radish (Moringa oelifera) was once considered a â€Å"poorman’s vegetable† but now it is known as a â€Å"miracle tree† or â€Å"nature’s medicinecabinet† by scientists and health care workers from around the world because itis loaded with vitamins and minerals that can be an effective remedy againstmany kinds of ailments such as arthritis, anemia, ovarian cancer, heartcomplications, kidney problems, asthma and digestive disorders . This plantthrives in tropical countries, mainly in Southeast Asia, Central and SouthAmerica and Africa. It is indeed widely cultivated. It grows up to ten (10)meters tall and its leaflets are ovate to elliptic and are two (2) centimeters long.Each ounce of Malunggay contains seven times the Vitamin C found in oranges,four times the Vitamin A of carrots, three times the iron of spinach, four times asmuch calcium as milk and three times the potassium of bananas. It is said thatthat these plants require little  maintenance, which makes it easy for cash-strapped people to gain health without thinking of budget concerns. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an edible flowering plant in the family ofAmaranthaceae which originated from Central and Southwestern Asia and isnow widely cultivated throughout the world. It grows to a height of up to thirty(30) centimeters and its leaves are simple, alternate, ovate to triangular-basedand varies in size from two (2) to three (3) centimeters long and one to fifteen(15) centimeters broad. Besides of it being considered as an herb rich in Iron, it isalso a rich source of Carbohydrates, Dietary fiber, Fat, Protein, Vitamin A, Beta-carotene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Folate, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K andCalcium. It is well-known in stabilizing the blood sugar among diabetics, itserves as an anti-oxidant, an anti-cancer agent, it prevents from atherosclerosisor thickening and hardening of arteries and it aids in the formation of the bloodsubstance required for bloodclotting.The combination of both herbs can surely make a nutritious supplementfor all ages. This study presents the result of the beneficial mix of Malunggayand Spinach known as  ³ Malunggay and Spinach powder.  ´ A power duo, aproduct of nature, harness within reach and concoctedwith simplicity Significance of the Study Health awareness is the prime investment, ingenuity is the investors joining effort and wellnessis the net gain. Most people think that adapting a healthy and well-conditioned life isexpensive and difficult to achieve. The significance is just how one resourcefully utilizes thecheap, the natural abundance of nature, and the untiring quest to alternatives and remedies.Malunggay and Spinach are kind of vegetables that are rich with vitamins,minerals and amino acids that are needed for optimum health. The purposeful cahoots willserve as a supplement Malunggay, touted as all- around miracle tree or natures medicine cabinet contains a wide variety of nutrients in high amounts and Spinach, known as  powerhouse of nutrients fill in essential Potassium, Phosphorus and Niacin thatMalunggay does not have. This potent combination in powder form add nutrition to ourdeficient diet due to modern farming methods,nutrient-deficient soils, high levels ofpollution that places more stress, and busy lifestyles that make it hard to prepare healthybalanced diet. It acts as an inexpensive insurance against nutritional deficiencies.This study will promote awareness on the relevance of serving of vegetable meals,soup, bread, dessert, shakes, juices and mixes with Malunggay and Spinach powder. It encourage households to plant Malunggay and Spinach in backyards for personalconsumption. Furthermore, it supports the Department of Agriculture on their program ofpropagating vegetable garden e.g. Malunggay and Spinach as a under its biotechnology program where it currently enjoys wide array ofMalunggay, Spinach and other vegetable based products manufactured in the Philippinesand being sold in local and international markets. Finally, it inspires people to study andsearch for benefits on vegetables and oth er agricultural products. The study focused on the specifications of how to procure the major quality ingredients, the Malunggay and Spinach leaves and conscientiously observed the proper storage andmaintanance of suitable room temperature. It took two (2) months and a half to get the final result of the research work using the method of  experimentation. As Malunggay wasreadily cultivated in the backyard on the contrary, Spinach was a hard find. It started froma given tiny seedling from mountainous Busay and was replanted. The Spinach wastediously tended since it was never been spared from the affectation of long drought asbrought by, El Nià ±o phenomenon and propagated until such time ready for harvest. The study had undergone three (3) repeated experimentations to come up with reliable andfactual results. Firstly, the  outcome of the Malunggay and Spinach leaves harvested atnoontime when the sun is intense. Secondly, the two (2) primary ingredients were hangedoutside with moderate exposure to sunlight. And lastly, the recommended procedure wasfollowed closely to yield the desired result.Moreover, the study has its pitfalls as the targeted yield of the Malunggay and Spinach Powderwas 200 grams but the finished product yielded only 60 grams with an approximateproportion: 30 grams of Malunggay and 30 grams of Spinach leaves respectively due tolimited produce of Spinach leaves. METHODOLOGY In acquiring the study of Malunggay and Spinach powder, constant research wasdone. Facts were gained from books and computer resources. The abundance of the saidvegetables which most of the time left out wilted aroused a curious mind thus the researchdrew its concept. The accessibility and availability of both vegetables inspired the researchwhere an actual and continuous propagation was made to ensure freshness of harvest during the several process of experimentation. A series of trial and error process was madewherein an exact time of harvest must be observed and storage in a well-ventilated roommust be followed. Three rooms in the house were carefully chosen in which a room at thebasement was ample to suit the experiment need. Both vegetables compliment each other interms voluminous vitamins and minerals that supplement the everyday nutrient needs ofpeople in order to fulfill their daily activities. The preparation of Malunggay and Spinach powder are as follows:Harvest Malunggay and Spinach leaves early morning just when the dew has dried up.Bundle Malunggay and Spinach leaves and hang upside down in a well-ventilated room. Dont expose to sunlight. Use brown paper bag to catch falling leaves. Use clothespin to secure the brown paper bag to where you hang both leaves. Allow leaves to fall in the paperbag. Grind, pound or blend when the leaves dried up. Seal in a container.Varied usage of this powder as:Tea, combine in vegetable meal, soup, bread, cookies, cakes, desserts, shakes, juices,sandwiches and ice cream. Review of Related Literature of Ipil ipil seeds as an alternative shoe polisher (LOCAL) Ipil-ipil is found throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes. It s locally gregarious an abundant.This is a small tree, 2 to 6 meters high.The pinnae are 8 to 16, and 5 to 8 centimeters long. The leaflets are 20 to 30, linear-oblong, and 7 to 12 millimeters in length. The heads are solitary, at the axils of the leaves, long-peduncled, globose, and 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter, with many white flowers. The pods are thin, flat, strap-shaped, 12 to 18 centimeters long, and 1.4 to 2 centimeters wide, each containing from 15 to 25 elliptic, compressed, shining, brown seeds. Ipil-ipil is popularly known in the Philippines for firewood and is useful also in reforestration work. It is also much used as a cover crop and is a good exterminator of â€Å"kogon†. The bark produces brown dye. In some provinces the seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. The seeds are also used in making bags, etc. The leaves are injurious to horses who eat them. They a re said to cause falling of hair from their manes and tails. Cattle and goats do not seem to be affected. The raw seeds contain fat 8.68 percent, crude fiber 22.59 percent, nitrogen-free material other than fiber 9.78 percent, nitrogen 6.42 percent, traces of sucrose, water 14.8 percent and ash 4.2 percent.

How to write learning objectives that meet demanding behavioral Assignment

How to write learning objectives that meet demanding behavioral criteria - Assignment Example During this time, the health care providers enlist a number of issues that demand attention healthcare or social attention (Conway, Johnson, Edgman-Levitan, Schlucter, Ford, Sodomka, & Simmons, 2006). Then, they include these issues in the list of the factors that will determine the ultimate learning objectives of the educational programs. A detailed assessment of persistent issues affecting the patients, as well as, families forms the basis of the educational program by health care providers. It is through the initiation of an integrative and interactive program that health care providers draft numerous feasible learning objectives. These objectives form the basis of the educational program for the patients and families. Professionally, this is problem analysis stage. The next process in the development of the education program is using the information gathered concerning the target audience of the health providers to design the education program. A process of articulating on the loopholes of the learning objectives gets undertaken by the health care providers (Conway, Johnson, Edgman-Levitan, Schlucter, Ford, Sodomka, & Simmons, 2006). This facilitates the engagement of the core issues facing patients and families. Then a pilot test of this education program is done to ensure that any left out issue gets proposed. Thus, feedback is very important. Finally, the development of a refined and well-informed education programs with articulate education objectives becomes a reality. Conway, J., Johnson, B., Edgman-Levitan, S., Schlucter, J., Ford, D., Sodomka, P., & Simmons, L. (2006). Partnering with patients and families to design a patient-and family-centered health care system: a roadmap for the future: a work in progress. Bethesda, MD: Institute for Family-Centered

Beatitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Beatitudes - Essay Example Although scientific evidences show that each individual carries a unique characteristic, and because of there are different tastes and preferences, there is a common thing that human beings share altogether: the freedom to choose what is desired (Deuteronomy 30:19). This freedom applies to all and is not entirely restricted to the Christian faith. In this freedom, there are things that should be considered by many like what characteristics to retain and what to dispose of. The attributes that a person chooses will determine his path towards one goal: eternal happiness, not here on earth, but in a place called â€Å"paradise.† As what Shakespeare once said: â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question.† Each individual is gifted with freedom to choose who to follow and which path to take. This freedom is similar to voting for a promising candidate who will lead the nation to success. Some people say that a person gets to choose his or her own destiny but there are factors that affect one’s decisions. Most probably, determining exactly what tomorrow has in store is an impossible endeavor (James 4:14). This is a constantly changing world that is filled with uncertainties which in turn make upcoming events 99.99 percent unpredictable. It makes normal living a bit more difficult. The human race is still taken aback because of the many surrounding wonders and mysteries, even uncertainties that are present in this world. There are things that are either unexplainable or difficult to explain even with the advanced scientific knowledge (Ecclesiastes 8:17). Still, there are circumstances or events that puzzle the human logic and render the most powerful thinking machines useless. In the scientific field, biologists, to date, are still unsuccessful in creating a living cell despite extensive knowledge of its structure and composition. Physicists on the other hand,

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Final Exam - Essay Example Rondell Corporation traversed the path of success and growth in innovative engineering design of electrical items and radio broadcasting equipments. However, it failed to revamp its organizational structure and establish links between departments to restore mutual cooperation and consensus. This paper aims to look at the sources of conflicts at Rondell. With reference to Pondy’s model of organizational conflict, recommendations follow to improve the power relations, interdependencies and overall performance of the company. Prime culprit behind burgeoning conflicts at Rondell Corporation is ineffective organizational structure and power distribution. Though seemingly simple, poorly defined structure starts developing the following loopholes which ultimately leads to reduced agreement between departments and key personnel. Parent & Slack (1997, p. 221) opine that if an organizational is undergoing tumultuous phase due to differentiation and ambiguous roles, setting up of formalized rules, policies and norms of work practices and behavior can help solve the issues. High formality results in shaping up doubts, unclear job roles and even reciprocal interdependence. At Rondell, informal organizational structure rules the day-to-day operations. Departments have made subunits that in turn are running their individual politics and tactics to fulfill their personal interests. Lack of formalization has made departmental goals overshadow organizational objectives. Differentiation refers to dividing the tasks into smaller parts and allocating them to subunits of departments for better fulfillment of goals. Rondell has five major units or functions namely sales, engineering services, research and development (R&D), production and control. Though individual subunit orientation is necessary to contribute effectively to organization’s growth, these five departments at Rondell have deviated too far

History of ECON 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of ECON 4 - Essay Example Social wealth comes from the production of economic goods in a capitalist economy (Heilbroner, 168). Organization of economic activities leads to division of labor among individuals. The division of labor and the economic organization meets the material needs of the society, which creates social wealth. Max argues that production is done for producing exchange value, but the benefits do not last. Max argues that capitalist economies buy labor with money because production is an important part of the development. Labor power is a special kind of commodity because it involves the special kind of abilities of human beings. Labor is a special kind of commodity because individuals should be willing to sell their labor power. Max argues that individuals and employers should meet in the marketplace as equals. Employers should be able to put his employees in the position of a buyer’s disposal. It indicates that the laborer distances him or her from labor to be able to claim rights it rights. Labor is a special kind of commodity because individuals should not sell the labor he has created (Heilbroner, 169). The individual should sell the labor power because they do not own the means of production. Max argues that some people own the money while some individuals own labor power. It is the reason labor power is a special kind of commodity. Labor power exists in the capacity of a living person. According to Karl Max, interpretation of the increase in the population is in the context of a capitalistic fiscal system. He argues that a capitalist takes a huge role in the economic sense. He feels that offer capitalist labor relative trivial share of labor productivity. Capitalist introduce more machinery in the society to increase the value of surplus of labor efficiency. According to Max introduction of machinery, creates a surplus of individuals due to lack of jobs to create balance in the economy (Heilbroner, 170). The population is a result

Business case studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business studies - Case Study Example Specific performance may therefore be granted in the event that the court can identify the elements and that no vitiating factor exists in a case. Further, in case of existence of a vitiating factor, the party with an advantage over the factors must have not rescinded the contract of must not have such intentions. An agreement between the two parties, consideration, contractual capacity, and legality of the subject matter must be met and the process of creating the contract must be free from duress, undue influence, misrepresentation, and fraud (Goldman and Sigismond 129). In addition to establishing existence of a contract for determination of breach, the required performance must meet rules of specific performance. A party qualifies for a specific performance remedy if other equitable remedies are not sufficient to cover the damage of breach of contract. Examples are in cases of specific property of in contract of service that include execution of talent. Artwork such as paintings is an example of performances that warrant specific performance. A court is also likely to award specific performance if it is able super to supervise performance. Ability to identify the performance and nature of supervision determines this. In the case of Co-operative v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd (1997), for example, the courts acknowledged need for specific performance but declined to award it because the performance would require constant supervision from the courts. Another significant factor in specific performance is that it is awarded at the court’s discretion (Kelly, Hayward, Hammer and Hendy 310). The case of General against Honi identifies existence of a contract that agreement between the two parties, contractual capacity, implied consideration, and legality of the subject matter support. The scope of the contract identifies specific commodity

Target Market for Virgin America Airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Target Market for Virgin America Airline - Essay Example According to Aufreiter et al. of the McKinsey quarterly, Virgin Atlantic constantly tries to reinforce the brand slogan ‘doing things differently’ by offering to sit down bar service, flatbed seats, in-flight massage service ( 2003). This image may be firmly entrenched in the image of potential customers of Virgin America. According to Mutzabaugh of USA today (2007), Virgin America positions itself as an airline that is something between the traditional airline carriers and a discount airline, and although the service is less lavish than the international service it still promotes itself as having the best customer service in the business. What this paints a picture of is an airline that has significantly lower fares than most traditional airlines while still being able to offer excellent service. Furthermore, according to the Virgin America website, the company also offers a first class service on its flights which indicates that the company is prepared to segment the market for both people seeking low-cost flights and people demanding additional service The target market for this paper is defined as males and females who live in close enough proximity to the seven destinations that Virgin America services and are automobile owners. Furthermore, the target market encompasses people who are employed and should have enough disposable income and be 20+ to account for the need to take a holiday. As the company positions itself as a low-cost air carrier the target also includes people who are thrifty but also demand quality. According to the Virgin America website, the airline departs from and flies to only seven American cities (Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle and Washington DC.) and the company uses San Francisco as its hub and Los Angeles as a focus city. So one could assume that the target market would encompass both potential customers that either live in  close proximity to the airports that Virgin America services and those who would be interested in visiting one of the other cities that the airline services.

The Regime Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Regime Theory - Essay Example One of the major contributions of the economic theory of the international regime and cooperation has been an elucidation of what the absence of a central authority in international affairs implies for the scope and depth of cooperation (Keohane and Martin 1995). Cooperation and conflicts are key concepts employed in economic theory and power in the international regime. Keohane defines cooperation as a process that necessitates that the acts of different persons or entities that are not in prevailing agreement be got into compliance with each other through the negotiation process (Keohane, n.d.). Conflict refers to the confrontation and clash over divergent interests. The difference between conflict and cooperation is the lack of harmony between and among nations, with the chief difference being whether the actors are willing to change their behavior to each other. Economic cooperation in economic regime occurs when the strategies in reality pursued by one administration are also ad opted by another state with the aim of promoting trade. Economic regime operates under several assumptions. One of the assumptions is that economic regime is utilitarian as it takes that all aspects of decision making may be captured by utility pertinent costs and benefits and that actors maximize a utility function. Secondly, economic regime assumes actors in the international system are rational thinkers, who take into account all available information.   The third assumption is that economic regime takes.... For an international regime to be said to exist, the rules and norms must be operative, so as to specify the impact of international regimes. International regimes are almost similar to global organizations and global treaties (Neumayer, nd). Nevertheless, international regimes are theoretical institutions that are not material occurrences, not like global organizations that have material existence with budgets and personnel staff (Mayer and Rittberger 1997). International regimes have rules that act as international treaties and inherent customs, as well. International regime does not change with the changes in decision making and rules. Rather, the change in decision making criteria signifies a change within an international regime. Nonetheless, a change in the international regime itself happens when principles and norms change (Keohane, n.d.). Differences between economic regime and security regime The regime theory has for a long time addressed on how cooperation can be achieved and sustained in a world that is divided into independent national states. Regime theory has addressed the aspect of cooperation with regards to the environment, economics, security and finance. One of the major contributions of the economic theory of the international regime and cooperation has been an elucidation of what the absence of a central authority in international affairs implies for the scope and depth of cooperation (Keohane and Martin 1995). Cooperation and conflicts are key concepts employed in economic theory and power in the international regime. Keohane defines cooperation as a process that necessitates that the acts of different persons or entities that are not in prevailing agreement be got into

Mini Position Paper Essay Example for Free

Mini Position Paper Essay Many schools exist that don’t create student success. In too many school systems today, students are deprived of the education they need to become successful in life. What is society doing to make sure these students find their way? What does it take for them to become successful participants of society? After reading Freire’s, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, I must say there is some truth to students being oppressed for they are being forced to matriculate in an educational environment they aren’t familiar with; can’t survive in; or don’t want to be in. Students who are in the predicament noted above are not able to thrive in a strong academic environment because, as Freire states, they don’t know their reality. If they knew their reality, they would be better prepared to adjust to what they need for academic success. My position is that students that will better succeed in vocational or magnet schools. The vocational option is best suited for students that are not college bound and need to learn hands-on job skills to work right out of high school. For the nontraditional student the magnet option can work well. As a dancer, I attended magnet performing art school and this opportunity allowed me to learn about my craft and move on to earning a scholarship to Temple University in dance and theater. It allowed me the option to get involved in a field that I love and having a love for what you do makes the difference in which you become. There is no denying that people are mentally in different places at different times in their lives. Whether they have been raised in a single parent home, or whether they grew up in an environment that isn’t conducive to learning, it is important that students know what they can handle in an educational setting. For some students, an advanced math class or AP courses may not be reasonable. There are some students that understand where they stand academically and know that they aren’t able to learn under the same conditions as other students. These students need to develop other avenues in which to become successful. Vocational and Magnet schools are a great source for students that aren’t ready for a rigorous academic curriculum. Although students will still get the core courses they need to graduate, they will also have a trade that will at least keep them employed and able to take care of them after graduating. There are students that have a love for cosmetology, auto mechanics or even plumbing. One important fact is that there are colleges that offer two year degrees in these vocational trades. It is crucial that today’s generation know that there are options outside of becoming a doctor or lawyer. While we always need lawyers, doctors, and teachers, the world also needs mechanics to fix cars, a plumber to fix leaks the correct way or even a specialist to make sure a heating or air conditioning system is properly working. It is important that today’s student be comfortable in knowing that being academically challenged is okay, and that choosing a vocational education is an option. Vocational Magnet educations are just as important and should be interjected in all of today’s schools for they too serve a vital function in preparing our students in life. â€Å"The Guardian†, a newspaper printed in the U. K. , ran an article in 2013 regarding vocational educations. It questioned the validity of the concept of vocational educations by asking the public if they value vocational skills. The article allowed people to give their opinions. Although most people were in support of vocational education, there were some that weren’t. One person commented that though he didn’t look down on vocational education, he would not consider the vocational route if he didnt get the grades needed to attend a university. He finished by explaining he would definitely go for A-levels because in his opinion, â€Å"they are far more respected by employers and universities†. In his opinion, having a career rather than a skill is more esteemed. After reading the article, I was stunned at the idea that vocational educations aren’t respected. That a plumber or custodian is not valued is a disrespectful and cocky position to take. Society will always needs someone to make sure offices are clean and bathroom toilets run properly. People underestimate that diverse careers are needed for the world to effectively revolve. Unfortunately vocational skills like plumbing, carpentry, and electricians have been downgraded in social status over the years. One of the biggest issues in education today is low graduation rates, low college entry and a growing rate of unemployment. Vocational education can be the resolution to this problem. What are missing in schools are alternatives like a technical baccalaureate, which offers valuable learning and real skills, and leads to real jobs for young people. Getting children in the right program for their learning needs is what leads to success. Vocational qualifications serve a need for particular kinds of students and are very important skills. Vocational education training provides career and technical education for students interested in jobs that are based upon labor-intensive or real-world jobs. The plus side to vocational education is that students have the opportunity to work in their field while in school; it requires less education than four year degree programs; the vocational fields are vast and varied such as, pharmacy and medical technicians, paralegals, medical assistants, office assistants, cosmetologists, mechanics and construction workers; it assists in higher graduation rates; increased employment; and overall student achievement. The objective in education is to assist students in their quest of having a stable life. A vocational education reinforces the connections between secondary and postsecondary education, and improves accountability for students.

Effect of Morning Shows in Pakistan

Effect of Morning Shows in Pakistan Impact of Morning Shows on Housewife Abstract: The research is aiming to find the impact of Morning Shows on Housewife. The researcher has found association between viewership and influence of Morning shows on Housewife. The Researcher choose this topic as Morning shows are getting popular in our society and considering the importance of Morning shows and females attachment with the characters of different celebrities. The researcher used survey method to measure the influence and impact of Morning shows on housewives. As survey technique is an effective way to find out people’s behavior. There has been noticed a heavy viewership of Morning Shows and a greater influence over housewife’s. Excessive influence of Morning Shows on Housewife of middle is also seen. Influence in culture, language, relationship and religious practices is seen. Housewife’s watch these Morning Shows and are getting influenced by the artist according to their mental understanding. Housewives are the ones who bring up the society and play a role in nation building. There is an excessive viewership of Morning Shows and greater change on Housewife’s in Pakistani Society Introduction: Television shows is a major element of media. Media has been considered to be a change agent of socialization. Media reflects the society and Society has to depend on media for the fulfillment of its various needs. As major collective sources of information and images, the media perform many functions and server numerous personal needs. Media provide a link to the larger society. Mass media and society relation refers to the knowledge we all have from our own long experine4nces with media which enables us to understand what is going on, how a medium might fit into our daily lives, how its content is intended to be â€Å"study† genres and examples of contents and much more. Tim O’ Sulligvan, Brian Dutton and Philip Rayner write say’s â€Å"Media collectively act to provide their audience with windows on the world or with definitions of social reality†. Implicit in this kind of claim is the idea that the media act as a powerful agencies capable of shaping and directing public and private understandings of the world and awareness of its social, economics, moral, cultural, technological and political affairs. (1) Rational Nowadays Morning Shows are playing a vital role in the society, Theses shows are encouraging women to stick before TV sets ignoring the educative role. Morning Show are playing a prominent role in capitalizing and the ignorance of family values and genuine rights and responsibilities of people on individual and collective level as a family. Everywhere in these shows there are family politics, issues, and victimization stories, often daughter in law is targeted either positively or negatively. Youngsters see people in shows that are beautiful, fancy luxuries life style live in magnificent homes, wear best clothes and live every imaginable life styles in full autonomy and frequency without condemnation for any behaviors. They perceive them in different terms according to their mental level and derive different meanings from those shows. Rational for Selecting Housewife’s The researcher is targeting Lahore City Housewife’s because almost are educated, cohort and have greater viewer ship of Morning shows. On the other hand Husbands are supposed to watch TV at home on weekend or holidays in an irregular manner. Statement of the Problem This study is an attempt to find out the impact of Morning shows on Lahori housewife’s and the influence they are getting in their daily lives and mutual relationships. Research Objectives To find out the effect of Morning Shows on Lahori Housewife’s. To analyze the influence of Morning Show on the life style of Lahori Housewife’s. To investigate whether the Morning shows are affecting the relationships of Lahoris Housewife’s. To study that affect of religious practices shown in the Morning Shows over Islamic religious practices To find out whether the Morning Show are affecting or changing the lahories housewife’s cultural practices or not. Morning Shows are portraying useful message to housewife’s or not. Research Question Research question are considered very important in any scientific study, No research can be conducted unless the research question is chosen and accurately and clearly defined- it deserves some serious consideration. â€Å"A research question is a formally stated question intended to provide indication about something, and it is not limited to investigating relationship between variables.† (wimmer, 1994). This research has been conducted under the light of theses research questions: Are Housewife’s following the same fashion such a makeup and jewelry shows in Morning shows? Is Morning shows affecting the language of Housewife’s? Is it justified to have extra-marital relationship in an unhappy married life? Are family affairs in Morning shows affecting the relationship between family members? Are religious practices shown in their Morning shows our religious practices? Significance The significance of selecting this topic is that females have to play a role of a mother and houses wife. They watch these shows and perceiving them according to their mental levels and then also derive different meanings from those shows. Morning shows are densely watched and the reason of studying this topic is that it has a heave viewership as compared with other shows. Females of Lahore stand at the age of having idealistic thinking or fantasy about the futures. Our family setup is completely different from those shows in the Morning shows. Female watched these Morning shows regularly. They have unconsciously started applying those roles in their homes. Females of Lahore by these show and expect that they will also spend that kind of lifestyle. History of Morning shows Breakfast television (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and United Kingdom) or morning show (Canada, Indonesia and United States), is a type of infotainment television program, broadcast live in the morning (typically scheduled between 6:00 and 10:00 a.m.). Often hosted by a small team of hosts, morning shows typically target the combined demographic of people getting ready for work and school, and stay-at-home adults and parents. The worlds first breakfast / morning show on national television is Today, which set the tone for the television genre and began broadcasting on January 14, 1952, on the U.S. television network NBC. For the next 60 years, the Today show was number one in the morning ratings for the vast majority of its run and since its start many other stations around the world followed NBCs lead and copied their successful format. Moring Shows History in Pakistan Golden times were those when we have only one channel PTV. People waited desperately for their favorite shows that were broadcasted once in a week. At that time one thing that we had was Standard. Standard content was displayed on TV and yes you can enjoy it with your family, with the course of time PTV introduced its morning transmission that was Pakistan’s first morning show. So, today we will discuss the Morning Shows in Pakistan. Morning shows in Pakistan are aggravating their standards day by day. The basic purpose of this show was information with entertainment and grooming of both kids and their mothers. These shows were intellectual ones and hosted by Mentally Groomed anchors those people knew the ethics and etiquette. Most crucial thing is that they knew that they are broadcasting their selves on a national television. Literature Review Literature Review is considered as one of the most important step in any research process as it helps to extract the main points, issues, findings and research methods of previous studies. Literature review serves as a springboard for any research. It is a systematic research and analysis of published information that accredited scholars and research have written on a topic. It is organized according to the research objective, thesis or the problem/issue that a researcher wishes to address. The purposed of literature review is to know what type of research has been done in the area and what has been found in previous studies. According to Wimmer and Dominick (1994), it not only allows to learn from (and eventually add to) pervious research but also saves time, effort and money. The review of relevant literature in a study accomplishes several purposes: It helps the researchers to have a better understanding of his/her own study by identifying what knowledge and ideas have been established on the topic. It grants you the knowledge in your area of focus and reduces the chances of the duplication of ideas. It helps to indicate the direction of your research scope to maximize the reward of your research efforts. It helps to indicate the direction of your research scope to maximize the reward of your research efforts. It shares with the readers, the result of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported and provides a framework for comparing the results of a study with other findings. It also provides an opportunity to the researcher to rephrase the problem into analytical and operational term clearly, sharply and free from ambiguities. The researcher has reviewed the studies related to Television for this chapter. In order to capture the audience our morning shows have evolved into something more like a drama or a game show. Popular TV drama actress come, are hosting a morning show! The hosts are jumping around and the stage is full of celebrities and at times we do not hear what any of them is saying except that Research have found someone sitting and talking. One show had a girl in a box with lots of snakes being injected in the box and the girl dared to sing and she kept of singing not my idea of a good morning! Researcher read article online Mustansar Hussain Tarar and Qurat ul ain Haider days on PTV when words had meanings and wisdom, when conversation used to take place between people with etiquettes, when we used to learn from the anchors and when morning show reflected our culture and values and we used to respect them! The morning shows era which followed the PTV days with Marina Khan, Nadia Khan and Farah Hussain was still better. They talked about health, children issues, mental health, cooking, exercise and a lot more but still informative. Now it seems like these shows are from some other country, hosts ( girls) do not wear dopattas (they NEVER do) and men look like they also come out of a beauty parlour. Even when they are talking about various social issues we do not seem to relate with them. Researcher does not mean to say that we should have stayed in 80†²s and 90†²s but we could have matured and nourished our morning show into something more engaging without making it so commercial like a fake product with hosts wrapped in expensive clothes, loaded with makeup in this heat, wedding parties and mango parties when a middle class family cannot afford any of the above. Watching morning shows for a week was a disappointment. Saleem, Noshina in 1994 conducted a research on â€Å"cultural Imperialism. A case study of the impact of Dish Antennas on Pakistani society† used survey method concluded that majority watch Dish antenna viewers, because of cultural and linguistic harmony with Indian. Almost all the respondents are of the view that Hindi and English words have started penetrating in their spoken languages. Majority of the women are of the opinion that the dresses, hairstyles, jewelry and the styles of Indian and western models and actresses are attracting their attention. Therefore, new trends and fashion are making way in our society. Butt, Naveeda in 19997 conduct a study on the â€Å"Impact of PTV pop music programs and drams on the student of Punjab University† applied survey method and shows that Pop Music in popular among student of Punjab University due to fashion, dances, songs and pop singers. Male and female are influenced from romantic seenes which are being shown. Yousaf, Ayesha in 1998 carried out a research on â€Å"A Comparative Study of the difference between reading and T.V viewing of Punjab University Students†. She used questionnaire in her research and found that consciously or unconsciously people do absurd language from both type of media. T.V does involve a person’s own choice to a large degree and they read books of their own choice. As far as in depth analysis is concerned, results show that both media can prove to be useful depending upon the viewer and nature of issue. As far as the criticism that books hinder a person’s socializing ability is concerned, results do not support it. It cannot be categorically said that books always make a person reserved. Other factors also need to be considered. The use of this medium is not the one and the only factor involved. Lala Rukh, Nas in 1999 carried out a research on â€Å"Analytical study of PTV drama serial carrying social issue (1995-1998)†. She used content analysis in her research and found that this is not the contribution of PTV but drama writers have played an important role to reflect the social issues of Pakistani society through their creation drama script. Aftab Butt, Saher in 2000 conducted a research on â€Å"An analytical study of the role of PTV dramas in educating the masses about women problems (July 2001-June 2002). She did qualitative analysis of dramas of Pakistan Television, in which she has critically analyzed dramas of Khawateen Time and Prime Time from July 2001 to June 2002 and shows that TV dramas are highlighting the women problems but they are not educating the people nor creating awareness among them the way a drama should do. Viewers more readily see Prime Time transmission of PTV as the time is suitable to all the people. However, it has been observed by the researcher that the topics of PTV dramas lacks diversity and the same subjects appear in every drama. The cable network channels have also diverted the people’s attention away from Pakistan Television PTV. Viewer’s habits and perceptions have changed over the period of time due to their exposure to other channels. Arif, Muhammad 2002 carried out a research on â€Å"Analysis of behavior of college students towards Mass Media† used a survey method and indicator that the students like to watch TV drams, movies and comedy programs. They also like to watch Indian programs as well as Pakistani programs. Shahid, Muhammad, in 2001 conducted a research on â€Å"The role of private productions in changing the contents of T.V dramas† concluded that the role of private productions in drams has played positive and negative aspects and changes. As far as positive role is concerned it is less. There is no doubt that private productions have played a vital role but only those people are successful who has money. It is not compulsory that people who have talent and positive thinking are successful. Private productions have less positive role than negative role. Bukari, Bushra in 2002 conducted a research on â€Å"The Effect of Television programs on youth† shows that youth of the Punjab University has modern views about different issues such as co-education, women liberation and parental authority etc. It is difficult to say whether these modern views are due to television programs or due to some other factor. Tamkeen, Zahra in 2004 conducted a research on â€Å"Nuclearization of family system and role of TV dramas used survey method and concluded that a majority of the people watch television on daily bases in their leisure time. They have an extent to the exposure of Television. The results conclude that majority of the audience watch PTV, Geo and Star plus as their favorite channels and people are more interested watching television drama on these channels. Dramas have greater exposure in this society and majority of the viewers have large media habits of exploring television dramas. N. Ahmed Kiran and T. Haroon Uzma wrote an article on â€Å"Proliferation of TV channels in Pakistan† concluded that the proliferation of private television channels has had a positive impact in three important dimensions. It has led to the creation of a niche for alternative dramas and has broken the rigidity of religious shows; it has played a major role in opening up of the political debate in Pakistan’s electronic media; and it has benefited both the electronic media and advertising industry through revenue generation. There are disparate views on the future impact of television proliferation in the country. At the moment, PTV authorities are not too concerned about competition from the cable television. This optimism is not misplaced. While cable is available in limited regions, PTV is terrestrial with its own transmitters covering a wide area. PTV still has its stronghold and covers a wide-ranging area. For instant, PTV-1, which is also claimed to be the family ch annel, covers 38% of the area catering to 86% of the population. PTV world, that transmits news and current affairs programs, cover 29% of the areas and catering to 75% of the population. Its news channel service covers some 8% of the areas with 40% of the population. From June 2003, PTV has introduced another channel, PTV National that transmits regional programs. Prime TV telecasts PTV drams and documentaries for the peoples, especially Pakistanis living in Europe. Channel-3 aims to provide ‘homely atmosphere to all family viewers’. PTV World beams its programs to viewers in South Asia and the Middle East. Theoretical Framework It is crucial for every social research to be supported by some theory. Theoretical framework can be roughly defined as a select setup within which any research operates. A primary aim of science is to discover explanations for observed phenomena. To explain communication, the researcher must move from description to a theoretical analysis, seeking to develop theories that offer satisfactory answers to the question why?† Thus, a research’s aim in the discovery phase is to generate theoretical explanations for observed patterns of human communication (Smit 1998). The research will relate the Use and Gratification, Cultivation Theory and Self Perception Theory with her study. Research Methodology Population Sample and Sampling Techniques Research Design Survey Method Research Instrument Closed-Ended Question Pre-Testing Data Collection Quantification of data Data Preparations Data Processing Delimitations References: Tim O’ Sulligvan, Brian Dutton and Philip Rayner: : Study the Media, London, Amold. 1998, p.19 Roger D. Wimmer, Josheph, R. Dominick (1994) – Mass Media Research: An Introduction (4th Ed) Belmont, California: Wordsworth. www.pemara.gov.pk/ (citied 27th March 2014) www.desironak.com (citied at

The Film Schindlers List versus Novel Schindlers Ark Essay -- Holoca

Schindler's List The film Schindler’s List has a tendency to simplify and sentimentalize the character Oskar Schindler compared to the novel Schindler’s Ark in which the film is based on. The film Schindler’s List lacks depth and understanding of the character Oskar Schindler, and tends to over dramatize events within the film in which Oskar Schindler is responsible for. The novel Schindler’s Ark begins its in-depth documentary story with the earlier life of Oskar Schindler. The novel describes his family life in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and his rebellious teenage years in the newly created state of Czechoslovakia. The novel informs the reader of Oskar Schindler’s relationship with his father and how his father abandoned Oskar’s mother, in which Oskar never forgave his father for leaving his mother alone. This information of how Oskar Schindler became to be how he is, is all significantly missed with Schindler’s List, Because it gives the viewer a whole outlook of Oskar Schindler and a better understanding of the ...

Phytoremediation: Insuring Safe Selenium Levels Essay -- Exploratory E

Phytoremediation: Insuring Safe Selenium Levels Selenium is a naturally occurring element found in soil. It becomes a problem when irrigation practices cause it to leach out of the soils in the western states. The selenium is deposited in the rivers, then accumulates until it reaches toxic levels. The high levels of selenium seriously affects the environment and agriculture downstream. However, with the use of phytoremediation, the possibility of safe selenium levels has never been closer. Selenium is an essential trace element, number 34 on the periodic table, that is found naturally in the environment. It is distributed in most rocks, soils, water, and living organisms. There are places in the U.S., Australia, and China that do not have enough naturally occurring selenium. However, most areas of the world contain significant amounts of the element (Bentor). Selenium is a micronutrient necessary for human and animal health. Supplements have been promoted as an aid in preventing many serious health problems, including cancer. It is thought to be an antioxidant that helps prevent damage done to cell tissues by free radicals. Selenium acts inside the cell to capture and destroy peroxides produced by the oxidation process of free radicals before they can alter the cell membrane (Coomer). However, there is a very small margin between the amount of selenium needed for optimal health and the amount that results in selenium toxicity in people. High levels of selenium can cause dizziness, irritability, fatigue, bronchitis, garlic breath odor, brittle nails and hair, and reduced hemoglobin levels (Canadian). In livestock, excessive levels of selenium are one of the main agents of poisoning in the western United States. Two ca... ...tml. Lemly, A. Dennis and Harry M. Ohlendorf. "Regulatory Implications of Using Constructed Wetlands to Treat Selenium-Laden Wastewater." Ecotoxicity and Environmental Safety. 2002. "Phytoremediation." Environmental Health Perspective. Volume 103, No. 12. Dec. 1995. "Selenium: A Window on Wetlands." 1 April 2004. http://www.lbl.gov/ MicroWorld/Wetlands.html. "Tools for Environmental Cleanup: Engineered Plants for Phytoremediation." 9 Mar. 2004. http://www.cfr.washington.edu/outreach/Phyto2003. "What is Selenium?" Gunnison Basin Selenium Task Force. 10 Mar. 2004. http://www.seleniumtaskforce.org/selenium.html. White, Ken. "Phytoextraction." Brookhaven National Laboratory. Chicago, IL. Feb. 2000. Yang, Sarah. "Wetlands Clean Selenium from Agricultural Runoff." 10 Mar. 2004. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/ 2003/01/22/selen.html.

Does Geography control your destiny? :: essays research papers

Human activity has major effects on geography. When studying the earth you can come to several conclusions about the geography of any particular civilization. Distribution of life in the civilization allows you to analyze whether their geography is their own destiny. Do people control their own destiny? Is geography something that people can control? Technology is really the key to why geography can be overcome by any people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the history of the earth we have seen many countries leave their homeland. Most of these countries however, are those that are not landlocked. Countries which were not landlocked organized themselves and set sail for new territories to explore. Boat technology allowed for travel, resulting in the whole world becoming more accessible and allowing people to overcome what was thought to be indestructible geography. Obviously access to the sea lowers transport costs and aids economic growth. Yet this mattered less in earlier centuries. Even in some ancient civilizations, they learned to overcome the problem of not having technology. The original silk route from China to Europe used the camel rather than the ship. Only when ship design became advanced from the 15th century onwards did sea-borne trade gain centre-stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  India and China however, were landlocked and were by far the greatest industrial powers in the world till the Industrial revolution. Technology, not geography, helped temperate agriculture and industry to zoom ahead. One way a country overcomes geographical isolation is to improve its transportation infrastructure. Better roads, ports, paths, and other modes of transport provide access to world markets. But a country can only derive full benefits from these investments against a backdrop of good trade and macroeconomic policies. Consequently this leads to the belief that people again control the thought of their own geography.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Note that Europeans migrated in enormous numbers to warmer climates from the 17th century onwards. However these warmer climates were not always easy to live in. The conditions that a person living in a tropical climate would put up with were far greater than those who live in the subtropics. Global warming has been a huge concern in the entire world. In The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, David S. Landes argues that Europe's temperate climate encouraged hard work and capitalist development, while the heat of the tropics brought reliance on slaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The communications revolution has shrunk distances. Bangalore, currently the software capital of India with Hyderabad a close second, has proven that landlocked countries can do just as well and that overcoming geography can happen.

Introduction of Event Marketing

Introduction In the following, the feasibility analysis will define whether possible to organize the Game before 2030 in Hong Kong. game refers to the biggest multi-sport games after the Olympic game. There are 58 disciplines in this game. Also, it is the biggest event in the Asian countries. This game is helped by the Olympic Council of China. They're part of member organized the event every four years. (Olympic Council of China) Feasibility analysis 1. This event is a good idea Asian game can increase the awareness of sporting and the Hong Kong athletes can exchange the experience and communicate with another sport man/sport woman.It can improve the sporting infrastructure in Hong Kong and to meet the international standard of these sport equipments. Through the communication with other countries athlete, it can exchange the experience to gain more knowledge to perform the sport and the sport event well even to create the opportunity to organize another sport event to do so. Moreov er, it can increase the importance of sport, to deliver the message of becoming a healthier person through sufficient physical exercise. It can increase the people’s willingness to doing exercise because they can know more about the sporty stuff via the Asian Game too.Samsung Distribution ChannelThis game can attract more tourists to come to Hong Kong to visit the event and to visit the many attractions here to raise the reputation on it. 2. We have the skills required to plan and run the event In the past, Hong Kong held 5th East Asian game successfully. (Agency for volunteer service) This organization helps to enroll the volunteers to involvement in the East Asian Game previously. It is important for us to organize the similar event like the Asian Games. Moreover, Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department organize amount of the sport event successfully in Hong Kong (Appendix 3)We have the experience in conducting the sport event like Hong Kong Seven. It enriches ou r experience in sports event. (Hong Kong Sevens) Moreover, in 2008, Olympic and Paralympics Equestrian Events also organized in Hong Kong successfully. Moreover, we can seek the Olympic Council to transfer experience and allocate the helpers and planners to us to facilitate the event. Asian Game since 1951 and it held 16 times so as to have many good examples to refer with. In this case, we can sure the necessary skills, knowledge and capabilities can be fulfilled through various sources to support with. 3. Community is supporting the Asian gamesThere are two aspects to decide whether the community support. It refers to the government approvals and publicity efforts. Since we have enough skills, well-planning, and effective in allocating resources, it is not hard to get the government to approve this Asian Game. The supporting documents and evidence needs to submit to the government to get the permit. Before submitting to the government, we should seek the options of the residents w ho are nearing the event’s location. Normally, we need some helpers to collect the option of the residents, to conduct the survey with the citizen to persuade them to involve in this event.In this case, most of them will agree with the event because it is the international sport event and can enhance the reputation of Hong Kong. After the agreement of them, we need the publicity to help us to promote the event in a positive way to gain the government approve and support. 4. We have the infrastructure in the community The place that used to conduct the sport event is sufficient. There are many locations available to conduct the event. We can use the resources that are used in East Asian Games previously. Firstly, the Victoria park swimming pool is available to organize the swimming competition. Appendix 1) There have the parking space near the Swimming pool Also, it's near the Tin Hau MTR station, have a bus stop on the Hing Fai Street (Appendix 2) In addition, there is Taxi s top, Mini bus stop , tram stops Near the MTR station. The audience of the swimming event can use these transportation tools to go and leave for the event. Moreover, there are lots of Leisure Facilities which are located in Hong Kong. (See Appendix 4) All of them have enough parking spaces, good transportation network, well-constructed roads and tracks, huge exhibition area, supplement of electronic power, water and heating and good as sewage treatment. . Can we get a venue at a price we can afford? According the Previous Press release, running a sport event used around 2. 4 billion and received around 1. 17 billion. We expected that the expenditure of Asian Games is 3. 4 billion and the revenue of 2. 17 billion. We can find sponsors to support the cost of decoration and catering to reduce the expenditure of the Asian Games. Moreover, the venue of the competition has a regular period to maintain the quality of the venue and the equipment in order to achieve the international standard requirements. We need to gain the safety teams to help to dialogues the sport person’s safe.St John is mainly responsible for the large scale of different kinds of event. It keeps to providing the first aid service in Hong Kong. (Please refer to Appendix 6) The venue manager is important when running the event, also, it is a critical role to decide whether the event successful so that he is necessary to monitor the arrangement of the venue. 6. Will the event attract media support? The Asian Games event will attract media support because it has over 20 countries to join our event so that the media must broadcast the event two or from the country.Most of the promotion tools rely on the sport event time interval to charge higher prices so that the media will support this game. Most of the company will place heavy advertisement during this period to enhance the awareness of them so that the media will encourage that kind of event. Moreover, the media can enrich the information a nd to deliver to their audience, to shape the issue, to trigger the discussion of the event. Moreover, the media is more willing to support the government-based event because the government will place advertisement in different media periodically.Once the media help the government, the opportunity to place the advertisement or public release in the media will increase. 7. The event is financially viable There are many ways to raise the capital to cover the costs. The sponsorship is the key sources of capital. We can find different sponsors to help us to facilitate the event. Omega companies can take responsibility on timing service. FedEx can help to deliver the materials which are related to the sport event. HSBC can sponsor some part of our expenses. Nike can sponsor the clothes of the sport person.Samsung can support all of LED display monitors. Although is it a vast investment in this event, the raising capital is not hard to complete once it is well-arranged. Also, we can sell the souvenirs to enhance the revenue. Some of the audience prefer to buy in memory of this event or as a gift to others. 8. The event will attract audiences Through the media and community support, it is sure attracting audience interest. Added up the government, it enhances the involvement of citizens. Also, the sponsors will help us to spread out the information about the event.Moreover, it is an international event in Hong Kong which it only once upon a time so that it is the selling point of this event. People can see the sport man who are coming from different and not coming before the event. The Uniqueness of this event is attractive for the audience. It brings benefits for the audience to observe the performance of them which is coming from various countries. 9. The success criteria are reasonable We can referring the past experience of organizing with the event and believe that this event is very attractive for the audience and the community, edia, government and sponsors wi ll support us because it bring a lot of benefits for them. Enhance the awareness of them is a good example to illustrate this situation. Also, we are financially affordable, it enhance the opportunity for success as well. We can deliver the importance of sporting to the Hong Kong’s citizen success through the tools that mentioned above so that it is possible to gain success. The purpose of communicating with the sport man/woman is achieved in this event. Exchange the experience of against the competition also useful for them. 10. What are the risks?There have risks when running the event. It refers to the management risk and weather risk. Firstly, it is difficult to sure that all things are in control. It should have many meetings to communicate with a different department to maintain the consistency of the direction. Secondly, the weather is difficult to predict with 100% accurately so that is should provide other alternatives and to plan the arrangement of delay on competit ion. Conclusion To conclude, this event is worthy to start with because it brings a lot of long term benefits to the worldwide so that it should be going to run the event.

Nina Simone

Nina Simone was one of the most powerful singers of not only her time, but of all time. Her music made people think, change and copy. In her music, she made contributions to the civil rights movement. She used and touched so many genres of music from Jazz all the way to modern day rap She had influenced countless artists and passed without any acknowledgment or fanfare deserving of such an amazing arust. Eunice Kathleen waymon was born February 21, 1933, In Tyron North Carolina.She was an especially brilliant and talented child. Eunice picked up music very easily and even as a small child after hearing a hymn only once could sing it perfectly. She was able to play plano by ear at age two and a half. she was the regular planlst every Sunday at church by age five. at this age she was compared to Mozart. After seeing the talent in such a young child an older German lady, Muriel Massinovitch offered to teach young Eunice. Mrs. Masslnovltch, fearrd her pupil would soon surpass her as by a ge eight she could decipher musical scores, read and write music.Eunice awoke even more with the classical composer, such as Bach,† Bach made me dedicate my ite to music†. Eunice had her first brush with segregation at an early age ot twelve. Mrs Massinovitch was so proud of her talents she organized a recital to show of Eunice talents. Her parents very proudly sat in the first row; however, before the recital started a white couple approached them for their seats. As was the law back then the Waymon's got up to move, at that point Eunice stated in front of everyone she would not play If they were made to move.The white couple sat elsewhere and her parents visibly embarrassed took their seats and watched Eunice play.. After this Eunice would say later looking back, â€Å"All of the sudden it seemed a dfferent world graduating In 1950 at the top of her class applied to the Curtis Institute. She received a letter in 1954 stating that they had rejected her. There is specul ation that it was because she was a women and because she was a black woman. whatever the reason an all white male jury had rejected Eunice this plagued her through her life.. Eunice changed her name to Nina Simone after playing a club in Philadelphia in1954. he got the Job to play plano her true love and was told by the manager she would ing or be out of a job thus her stage persona was borm She took the name Nina meaning â€Å"little one† she said was nickname from a former lover and Simone for Simone Slgnoret In casque d'Or. Nina married her manager Andy Stroud In 1901 and gave birth to daughter Lisa in 1962 She worked hard to support her family and endured abuse from her husband. Stroud controlled every aspect of Nina's life and career. She was hospitalized several times tor exhaustion.Andy told her that too many people relied on her so she couldn't take a break and wouldnt even allow her to breast feed their daughter. It Is suspected that Nina had begun to have a mental Imoalance or a m Olsoraer around IYO/ out tnls was not connrmea. Nlna's songs were classified as Jazz, blues, gospel and even later r&b. All she has ever wanted to do was play classical piano and consider any other music as inferior. Nina got involved in the civil rights movement and her songs became anthems for not only the civil right movement but for the emerging feminist movement.Her song â€Å"Mississippi Goddam† was written after she heard about four black girls that were killed going to church by a bomb in Alabama. The songs lyrics are â€Å"Alabama's got me so upset. Tennessee made me lose my rest. / But everybody knows about Mississippi Goddam/ Hound dogs on my trail/ schoolchildren sitting in Jail/ Black cat across my path/ I think every day ‘s going to be my last. † The last lines are mfou don't have to live next to me/Just give me my equality. † Most radio stations refuse to play the song.The song sold well except in the south where it was boyco tted and censored. Some retailers return the record to the distributors after breaking each record in two. Although most of Nina's music chronicles the fight for equal rights and racial njustice her song â€Å"Four Women†, not only spoke to the civil right movement but to feminist groups fighting for equal right for women. The song talks about one daughter being born out of a rape of a slave and many black stations banned the song. They considered the song,† an insult to black women. Nina made sure to continue to fight for both causes not only in her music but she also cancelled tour dates to participate in protest concerts with many others most notably Langston Hughes who became one of Nina's best friends. Nina's music draws from spirituals, blues, folk, classical and even some traditional music. Many of her songs have been redone and made popular by other artist for example â€Å"House of the Rising Sun† this bothered her as she felt people didn't know where th e songs came from. Although Nin's instrument was a piano she felt that her voice was the only â€Å"pure instrument†.Many of her songs may have appeared to be filled with anger but many of her songs just have soul and no anger for example â€Å"l Hold No Grudge† The words are, â€Å"l hold no grudge/ There is no resentment und'neath/l'll extend the laurel wreath and we'll be friends. † Brooks also calls Simone â€Å"the cultural arm of the civil rights† Nina Simone assed away April 21, 2003 in a small village in the south of France. â€Å"Her death didn't cause much stir in the media European or American. It was said merely that a bad tempered but successful diva from the world of Jazz had passed away.That was about it† â€Å"On May 18th 2003 the Curtis Institute of music posthumously awarded Nina an honorary diploma for her contribution to the art of music. † Nina was aware of the schools plan before her death but her family accepted the ho nor for her. It almost seems like at long last Simone achieved her ultimate goal. To see what kind of mpact Nina Simone had on the world you need only look at todays popular artist from Norah Jones, Missy Elliott, Lauryn Hill and even Marilyn Manson, â€Å"claim her as an influence. Her songs have been rerecorded over and over many people are fans and don't even know they are listening toa Nina Simone song. To have such a huge impact on such wide variety of artists is outstanding and hard pressed to match. I have long been a fan of Nina Simone. I myself used to be one of those saying,†Oh this is a song of Nina Simone. † upon hearing the song in a movie of a soundtrack. I began istening to her music and realized how unbelieving moving it is. Her songs and make you angry and then relax you in the next verse.

Personal price Essay

As you market yourself to employers, the salary you demand is essentially your personal price. Keeping that in mind, what pricing strategy should you follow (penetration, skimming, or competitive)? Why? Issues to consider: a. Who is your target market? My target market is the childcare industry. b. How would you position your price to this market? I would use competitive pricing strategy. I would use competitive pricing strategy. By using this concept does not necessarily mean that the company will pay me what I want but it will put a great deal of thought into the prices of the competitors. In other words, I would take into consideration the prices of my competition and use that to determine what I believe is a fair salary. c. What are the psychological pricing considerations? I would take into consideration my level of experience. Therefore, I would charge a price that may be slightly higher but that would be because I have more experience than others. I don’t want a price that is too low because employers may wonder why so low. They may question my experience or qualifications. d. What are the image considerations? I believe that the company has high standards. I would maintain that I am reliable, responsible, and able to multi-task. I am a professional and have good work ethics. e. What are the promotional considerations? I would provide degrees, and or certificates that indicate my qualifications. I would also provide references and any other documents that show my experience in the field.

Behavioral Contract

I have always loved to watch movies and television shows but I guess it was an addiction already for the past couple of months. I can say that I am very much hooked in watching the television for the past seven months. I love the thrill, happiness, suspense I feel whenever I watch something on television. Whenever I am at home, my whole day would be spent in front of the television. I sometimes skip meals just to watch my favourite movie or a certain talk show.Sometimes I even do not take a bath just to keep track of what I am watching. I love watching those shows that exposes the current fashion, recent social issues, and television magazines, shows that tells Hollywood celebrities’ lives and most of all, movies like suspense thriller, horror, love stories and fairy tales. For me it is the source of my enjoyment, I sometimes forget to study and read books.I think too much watching the television causes great effects in my being. We cannot deny the fact that the youth are grea t imitators and that is one of our natures. We really follow and imitate what we see and observed from other people especially when we realize that these people involved manifests excitement in doing such acts and we see these people as beautiful and attractive as they could be; we tend to idolize and mimic it.Present television’s advertisements, commercials, shows and movies already content acts and scenes that indicates discrimination if one has an unacceptable look physically and intellectually as perceived by the society, as what is being showcased in the standards of the society; that to be beautiful is to have a white complexion, tall, slender, witty and sexually appealing which have great impact to the minds of the younger generations.These kinds of entertainments will create curiosity and puzzlements to our young minds that will push us to try it by ourselves. This does not concern only the advertisements but also talk shows and movies. They tackle and expose about se x and relationship, love affairs that sometimes we are so caught up with these ideas, which we tend to forget our other responsibilities. I think being bored triggers my addiction to television.I want something to entertain me so that I do not get too alone. Sometimes I get bored just studying and doing other things, but when it comes to television, I really can’t feel ennui at all. I really feel entertain by the television. I should control my being hooked on television and might as well eliminate it. I should discipline myself and have self control. Within 2 weeks I should minimize my television viewing and by the end of month I must have eliminated this behaviour already.If I spend too much of my time in front of the television then I will ask my mother to deduct my allowance by 50%, I will not be able to go on a night out during Fridays, I will not be allowed to wake up late during weekends, lastly I will not be able to go out with my friends during week ends. If I will n ot comply with the contract then my punishment for myself will be destroy all my shoes and sandals and I will come to school on slippers for one day. While if I will be able to follow all the terms in the contract and comply with it then I my reward will be, spending the whole weekend in my favourite beach resort and hotel. Behavioral Contract I have always loved to watch movies and television shows but I guess it was an addiction already for the past couple of months. I can say that I am very much hooked in watching the television for the past seven months. I love the thrill, happiness, suspense I feel whenever I watch something on television. Whenever I am at home, my whole day would be spent in front of the television. I sometimes skip meals just to watch my favourite movie or a certain talk show.Sometimes I even do not take a bath just to keep track of what I am watching. I love watching those shows that exposes the current fashion, recent social issues, and television magazines, shows that tells Hollywood celebrities’ lives and most of all, movies like suspense thriller, horror, love stories and fairy tales. For me it is the source of my enjoyment, I sometimes forget to study and read books.I think too much watching the television causes great effects in my being. We cannot deny the fact that the youth are grea t imitators and that is one of our natures. We really follow and imitate what we see and observed from other people especially when we realize that these people involved manifests excitement in doing such acts and we see these people as beautiful and attractive as they could be; we tend to idolize and mimic it.Present television’s advertisements, commercials, shows and movies already content acts and scenes that indicates discrimination if one has an unacceptable look physically and intellectually as perceived by the society, as what is being showcased in the standards of the society; that to be beautiful is to have a white complexion, tall, slender, witty and sexually appealing which have great impact to the minds of the younger generations.These kinds of entertainments will create curiosity and puzzlements to our young minds that will push us to try it by ourselves. This does not concern only the advertisements but also talk shows and movies. They tackle and expose about se x and relationship, love affairs that sometimes we are so caught up with these ideas, which we tend to forget our other responsibilities. I think being bored triggers my addiction to television.I want something to entertain me so that I do not get too alone. Sometimes I get bored just studying and doing other things, but when it comes to television, I really can’t feel ennui at all. I really feel entertain by the television. I should control my being hooked on television and might as well eliminate it. I should discipline myself and have self control. Within 2 weeks I should minimize my television viewing and by the end of month I must have eliminated this behaviour already.If I spend too much of my time in front of the television then I will ask my mother to deduct my allowance by 50%, I will not be able to go on a night out during Fridays, I will not be allowed to wake up late during weekends, lastly I will not be able to go out with my friends during week ends. If I will n ot comply with the contract then my punishment for myself will be destroy all my shoes and sandals and I will come to school on slippers for one day. While if I will be able to follow all the terms in the contract and comply with it then I my reward will be, spending the whole weekend in my favourite beach resort and hotel.

Compare and contrast the 7S and Mintzberg's configuration models of Assignment

Compare and contrast the 7S and Mintzberg's configuration models of organisations - Assignment Example In this paper, emphasis is given on two, quite popular, theoretical frameworks: the McKinsey 7s Framework and the configuration model of Mintzberg. The elements and the role of the particular models are critically evaluated and analyzed referring to relevant literature. Between the two models, McKinsey’s 7s Framework is simpler and more flexible, a fact that makes it easier to be used when the time available for the evaluation of business performance is limited. On the other hand, when details need to be retrieved in regard to the potential transformations of an organization so that its effectiveness is increased, then the Mintzberg configuration model, that offers a clearer view on organizational processes, would be preferred. In regard to the above, current paper would be based on the following thesis statement: McKinsey’s 7s Framework and the Mintzberg configuration model are valuable models for measuring business performance. The former refers directly to the seven factors influencing business performance while the latter uses organizational structure as an indicator of business effectiveness. 2. McKinsey 7s Framework vs Mintzberg’s configuration model 2.1 Key characteristics of the above models In order to understand the differences and similarities of the two models, it is necessary to refer primarily to their characteristics and their role within modern organizations. In addition, the elements of each of the models need to be analyzed at the level that these elements can influence the models’ performance when used within a particular market. 2.1.1 McKinsey 7s Framework The McKinsey 7s Framework is commonly used for the evaluation of business performance. The Framework was first introduced in 1980s (Witcher and Chau 2010). It was only after two years, in 1982, that ‘Peters and Waterman included this model in their book ‘In search for Excellence’’ (Witcher and Chau 2010, p.248); it was through that book that McKinsey 7s Framework become popular worldwide. The McKinsey 7s Framework is based on the following view: the performance of each organization is influenced by seven factors/ variables (Witcher and Chau 2010). When having to evaluate organizational performance these variables need to be reviewed (Witcher and Chau 2010). The variables highlighted in the particular Framework are presented in Figure 1 below. A key characteristic of McKinsey’s 7s Framework is the following: the variables on which the framework is based tend to interact on a continuous basis (Witcher and Chau 2010). This means that the performance of each of these variables influences, necessarily, the performance of other variables (Witcher and Chau 2010). In addition, changes on one or more variables will also affect other variables (Witcher and Chau 2010). The relationship between these variables is made clear in Figure 1. On the other hand, the level at which each variable influences the other variables of the framework is not standardized, depending on the conditions in the organizational environment, the availability of time for analyzing organizational behaviour and so on. Figure 1 - McKinsey 7s Framework (Source: http://gs.utcc.ac.th/ceomba/mk/0%20Mar55/add/The%20McKinsey%207S%20English.pdf) In order to

Group Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Dynamics - Essay Example On then other hand, Jung & Sosik (2002) indicate that group dynamics ahs been beneficial to the organization since it aids the management in devising problem solving skills in the workplace. Through group dynamics, the management has been able to create team work among its employees; thus, creativity and cooperation in the workplace. A group is inclusive of several people who come together with the aim of achieving a common objective. Group dynamics refers attitudinal and characteristics in behaviour of a given group (Robbins, 2007). Group dynamics are relevant to the organization in the HS engineering firm where there are several group dynamics in the Leeds firm that work together with the aim of achieving organizational objectives. The study of group dynamics within an organization will enable one understand the status of an organization (Cheringtan, 2004). However, group dynamics can only be successful if the management organizes the various aspects of groups in the workplace (Lov elace, Shapiro & Weingart, 2001). Among these attributes include the size of the groups, the characteristics of the members of these groups, their norms beliefs, and finally, the nature of tasks that they perform so as to be successful in their quest to create team work. Through categorization of these attributes in the organization gives the management an opportunity to strategies the kind of activities that ought to be performed in the workplace ands at what pace. From the HS engineering firm case study, group dynamics has not been alienated from the functioning of the organization. In the Leeds firm for instance, several aspects of group dynamics have been put in place to see to the success of the organization. Through analysis of the group dynamics of the organization, the management has been able to clearly understand what aspects to apply so as to understand the entire organization (Marcus, 1998). With the HS engineering company having other branches in other parts of the coun try, there was dire need by the company to understand the functionality of all the branches in the workplace. A closer scrutiny of the case also indicates that the company has gone through massive changes all in attempt to survive in the market. In the long run, the company has experienced massive losses in some of its branches that led to the closure of the same. This indicates that the management has dedicated a lot of efforts in understanding the operations of the company. Social identify theory states that individual group dynamics help to obtain a sense of identity and acquire self actualization. This reduces the rate of conflict within the organization. As an illustration from the HS engineering sample the major conflicts that arise due to the change taking place within the organization include; loss in manufacturing industries, there is an expectation of 30% reduction in the financial status of the company. The different group dynamics established had their own needs that lea d to the closure of some of them due to poor management. Mangold & Miles (2002) and Moritz &Watson (1998) indicate that leaders of organizations can only implement the aspects of group dynamics if the management of the organization is well conversant with the occurrences in the organization, no matter how minute they may seem. All organizations

The Fundamentals of Character, Deliberation and Moral Problems in Essay

The Fundamentals of Character, Deliberation and Moral Problems in Training - Essay Example They will all be analyzed here forthwith. II. The â€Å"Slippery Slope† The â€Å"slippery slope† is basically a domino effect that takes place after one moral principle is compromised, leading to other compromises in principle. As stated by Delattre (2002), â€Å"[T]he slippery slope of corruption begins with any gratuity, including the well-known cup of coffee† (pp. 77). This particular example is referring to police, although many different public servants could also be considered on par with police so much so that they indeed do receive special treatment as a member of a certain group of public servants (i.e., judges, lawyers, senators, Congresspersons, city board members, aldermen, etc.). For example, if a judge was given a bribe in order to help sway the decision of his very first court case, this could be a premier example of the slippery slope. The judge isn’t really supposed to do that, but perhaps the judge figures it’s just a one-time act ion. Later on, when other lawyers petition the judge with more bribes in the form of financial assistance, that judge may be hard-pressed to say no. However, while some people accept gratuities to be a simple fact of life in order for public officials to perform (sometimes illegal) favors in return—performing these favors in return for gratuities are a form of bribery and should not be tolerated. Although people may be used to giving gratuities which they may deem harmless, the damage has been done. III. The Society-At-Large Hypothesis Within the society-at-large hypothesis, the main idea here is that society corrupts people with political or otherwise hierarchical powers. According to Delattre (2002), O.W. Wilson stated, â€Å"[For example, in Chicago] it had been customary to give [people in public service] gratuities†¦[with a] certain progression of events [to] follow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pp. 69). This allowed certain public officials to get away with crimes that went unch ecked. Without a doubt, nepotism and cronyism still play a large part in politics in several different cities and nations, due to the nature of the job. It has long been considered standard to offer, for example, that free cup of a coffee to a cop on the beat by a local food mart. However, that may be taken as a sign that public servants deserve more than just that, in effect producing a society which expects its leaders to take bribes or be corrupt—effectively proffering corruption. IV. The Structural/Affiliation Hypothesis The structural or affiliation hypothesis, developed by Arthur Niedenhoffer, posits that corruption is indoctrinated into new recruits of organizations by the higher-ups. For example, if a rookie cop sees his superior shaking down drug dealers for monetary gain, he might very well start doing the same thing by way of affiliation. The corruption is also a structural problem which is built in to the police culture. Other organizational cultures—for ex ample, in corporate offices—might have similar structural difficulties. Enron is a great example of a company that had corruption increasing the farther one went up the chain of executives. V. The Rotten Apple Theory The rotten apple theory basically states that there is poor hiring, training, and supervision within an organization, effectively putting individuals who already have a track record of corruption in positions of power. The rotten apple